Tag Archives: ancient egypt

The First Moment of the Death in Ancient Egypt. Tutankhamun’s Tomb

Posted on January 30, 2017 | 1 comment

The tomb of Tutankhmun is more than a mask, a mummy, Howard Carter… It is an historical document with lots of useful information about the funerary belief in Ancient Egypt. Let’s focus now on the funerary chamber.

Funerary Chamber of Tutankhmun. Image: National Geographic.

Funerary Chamber of Tutankhmun. Image: National Geographic.

The decoration of the funerary chamber.

The funerary chamber of Tutankhmun is the only decorated room in the tomb. The decorative program is not the typical one for a royal burial in Ancient Egypt. Starting from right to left, we find a secuence of images with contains a logic.

East Wall.
funerary-cortege-of-tutankhamun-ancient-egypt-www-osirisnet-net

Funerary cortege of Tutankhamun. Image: www.osirisnet.net

On the East wall the funerary cortege is dragging the mummy of Tutankhmun on his sledge to the tomb. That is, Tutankhamun is being taken to the world of the dead; he is facing the first moment of the death in Ancient Egypt.

North Wall.

On the North Wall, the Egyptan artists depicted, on one hand,…

Continue reading: www.mariarosavaldesogo.com

1 Comment

Posted in 09. VARIA

Tagged ,

The Ancient Egyptian Mourning Ritual, existed also in Amarna?

Posted on October 3, 2016 | Leave a comment

During the reign of Akhenaten many things changed in Ancient Egypt. The new Pharaoh modified the artistic canon, his residence, the religion, the cult…but what happened with the death?

Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their three Daughters. Altes Museum in Berlin. Photo: Mª Rosa Valdesogo. Ancient Egypt

Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their three Daughters. Altes Museum in Berlin. Photo: Mª Rosa Valdesogo

Those ancient Egyptian people from Amarna…did not die? Yes, they did, there was a cemetery. There were also mummies and coffins.

People continued being buried into tombs; and the walls of those tombs were decorated with reliefs. That is, there was a funerary art and a funerary architecture. A mortuary practice existed.

Continue reading. www.mariarosavaldesogo.com

Leave a comment

Posted in 09. VARIA

Tagged , , , ,

Two Professional Mourning Men in Ancient Egypt?

Posted on June 15, 2015 | Leave a comment

The two Drty (two kites), offering nw vases to the four pools. Relief from the tomb of Pahery in el-Kab. XVIII Dynasty. Ancient Egypt

The two Drty (two kites), offering nw vases to the four pools. Relief from the tomb of Pahery in el-Kab. XVIII Dynasty. Photo: http://www.osirisnet.net

In Ancient Egypt a couple of two professional women in the role of Isis and Nephthys were actively involved in the dead’s resurrection. They appear usually at both ends of the coffin, during the Opening of the Mouth Ceremony or, from the New Kingdom, kneeling and offering two globular vases nw at the end of that funerary ceremony.

At the beginning we thought that this scene of the professional mourners offering the vases nw was something exclusive of the New Kingdom and of the Theban area. However we were maybe wrong; Ancient Egypt reveals always something new.

In some tombs from the Old Kingdom and from the Memphite area the artists of Ancient Egypt included an iconography, which remembers that one from later periods and from the south.

Funerary chapel of Iasen-front view with statue. Giza. Ancient Egypt. osirisnet

Funerary chapel of Iasen-front view with statue. Giza. Photo: www.osirisnet.net

That is the case of the tomb of Iasen in Gizah (G2196) from the Old Kingdom. In the funerary chapel, to the left of the niche with the statue of the deceased, there is an image of Iasen seated and facing the offering table. Underneath two unidentified kneeling men are facing the dead and offering nw vases. Their position clearly reminds the one of the two professional mourners at the end of the Opening of the Mouth Ceremony, which will become so common during the New Kingdom.

Continue reading in www.mariarosavavldesogo.com

Leave a comment

Posted in 02. HAIR AND MOURNING WOMEN, 05. HAIR AND THE OPENING OF THE MOUTH, 08. REFLECTIONS, 09. VARIA

Tagged , , , ,

Isis and Nephthys in the Ancient Egyptian Coffin of Nesykhonsu.

Posted on June 1, 2015 | 1 comment

The iconography in Ancient Egypt was not gratuitous. Every image had a reason to be, but also every space.

From the Old Kingdom the two mourners in the role of Isis and Nephthys were accompanying the dead until the tomb at both ends of the mummy. The hieroglyphs of the wooden coffins from the Middle Kingdom tell how Isis was located at the feet and Nephthys at the head. This position could be due to a will of reproducing the moment of the rebirth of the deceased. 

Coffin of Nesykhonsu. XXI-XXII Dynasty. Museum of Art of Cleveland. Ancient Egypt

Coffin of Nesykhonsu. XXI-XXII Dynasty. Museum of Art of Cleveland. Photo: www.clevelandart.org

Later on the art of Ancient Egypt found in the coffin a new surface for including several icons, as the two professional mourners. From the XXI Dynasty became common to include these two female figures upside down in the in the external feet surface of the lid of the anthropoid coffin.

The inner part of the coffin offered also the artists of ancient Egypt a great surface for the sacred iconography. So, what was outside could also be drawn inside. At that point is emblematic the outer coffin of Nesykhonsu (XXI-XXII Dynasty), in whose interior…

Continue reading in www.mariarosavaldesogo.com

1 Comment

Posted in 02. HAIR AND MOURNING WOMEN, 09. VARIA

Tagged , , , ,

In Ancient Egypt Isis was the South and Nephthys the North.

Posted on May 19, 2015 | Leave a comment

In Ancient Egypt the Legend of Osiris was so important that it was integrated into the solar theology. As a result Isis and Nephthys, the two mourners of Osiris, became an essential part of some solar iconography, so both from the New Kingdom were depicted flanking the solar disk in its daily rebirth.

Book of the Dead of Nespakashuty. XXI Dynasty. Musée du Louvre. Ancient Egypt

Book of the Dead of Nespakashuty. XXI Dynasty. Photo: www.louvre.fr

It also had an effect in the holy conception of geography in Ancient Egypt. If the rising sun occupied the east and the sunset the west, the two mourning goddesses had to be also located somewhere, so they had to have also a geographical assignation: north and south. At that point the titles of the two goddesses are quite explicit. In Ancient Egypt, Isis was “The One of the South” and Nephthys “The One of the North”.

Continue reading in www.mariarosavaldesogo.com

Leave a comment

Posted in 08. REFLECTIONS, 09. VARIA

Tagged , , , ,

In Ancient Egypt were Isis and Nephthys Essential in Cartonnages.

Posted on April 23, 2015 | Leave a comment

Cartonnages in Ancient Egypt were used over the wrapped mummy mainly for mummy masks and some important parts of the body.

The cartonnage of Irtirutja in the Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York dates from the Ptolemaic period. In it one can see how the artist of Ancient Egypt dedicated this technique for covering some special parts of the mummy.

Cartonnage on the mummy of Irtirutja from Ptolemaic Period. Ancient Egypt. Metropolitan Museum of New York.

Cartonnages on the mummy of Irtirutja from Ptolemaic Period. Photo: Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York.

The fact of choosing those parts of the anatomy could reveal an intention of including the essential elements in the belief of Ancient Egypt for the dead’s resurrection.

Obviously the mummy mask was obligated, since, among the many faculties the dead had to recover, there were the faculties of seeing and breathing.

The feet of the mummy were covered with two images of Anubis. It seems as if they were inverted, but they are actually dressed to the deceased’s eyesight.

Two images of the scarab with the solar disk were also a grant of the mummy’s rebirth. In Ancient Egypt, the Osiriac resurrection and the solar rebirth were united, in the iconography and in the religious texts.

Image of Nephthys mourning in the mummy of Irtirutja. Metropolitan Museum of New york.

Image of Nephthys mourning in the mummy of Irtirutja. Photo: Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York.

The four sons of Horus (two at each side of the body) were also included in the composition, They were a personification of the canopic jars, which contained the dead’s viscera, so they accompanied always the deceased.

Finally, the ancient Egyptian artist could not omit two of the most important figures in the dead’s resurrection: Isis and Nephthys, the two professional mourners, who making a mourning ritual gave the faculties back to the mummy…

Continue reading in www.mariarosavaldesogo.com

Leave a comment

Posted in 02. HAIR AND MOURNING WOMEN, 08. REFLECTIONS, 09. VARIA

Tagged , , , , , , ,

“Reading” the Ancient Egypt Funeral in the Tomb of Qar.

Posted on January 22, 2014 | Leave a comment

In Ancient Egypt art  not always all scenes of a decoration were connected. But when it happens, it is important to guess the correct order of them and “read” the story.

On January 13th we saw how a small scene from tomb of Qar could be a summarized or codified representation of the Opening of the Mouth ceremony. But this is not the only surprise of this Egyptian tomb.

According to Simpson the normal order of the funerary scenes in the north wall was, following a more occidental logic, from the top downwards; so from left to right in the upper register and from right to left in the lower one.  The sequence would start with the three figures of the Drt mourner, the wt (embalmer) and would end with the arrival to the building on the left, which was considered as the embalming place[1]. However, the Egyptian logic in art was different from ours.

Scene of an Ancient Egypt funerary procession. Tthe tomb of Qar. V-VI Dynasty. Giza. Image from W. K. Sympson.

Scene of the funerary procession in the tomb of Qar. V-VI Dynasty. Giza. Image from W. K. Simpson.

The word identifying the building on the left is uabet , which means a “pure and clean place”[2], but not necessarily just for “embalming”. We also know that uabet from the Middle Kingdom also meant “tomb”[3]. Maybe the building in the scene was the Qar’s tomb. If we think like that, the decoration then maybe should be read in a different direction; in fact sometimes Egyptian artists designed a decoration from down to top.

The sequence would start at the right of the lower register. The cortège moves the coffin on the boat until the uabet building, the tomb (this would be a reproduction of the Egyptian mythical voyage to Abydos), the burial place and also the embalming place. We notice that the corpse is being accompanied by the two Drty mourners with short hair, the wt (embalmer) and the lector priest.

Ancient Egypt funeral. The coffin on a boat is being moved to the tomb. The mourners Drty are at both extremes of the coffin, in the prow sit the lector priest and the embalmer. Tomb of Qar. Giza

The coffin on a boat is being moved to the tomb. The mourners Drty are at both extremes of the coffin, In the prow sit the lector priest and the embalmer. Tomb of Qar in Giza. V-VI Dynasty. Photo: http://www.archaeology-archive.com

In the upper register the artists represented what it was happening inside the uabet building. There are always three main figures: the lector priest, the wt (embalmer) and the Drt mourner. And their presence allows us to divide the upper register in three scenes:

1)      They three and the coffin transport. That would be the staff and the mummy getting into the tomb.

The Drt mourner, the embalmer and the lector priest in front of the w3t. Tomb of Qar in Giza. V-VI Dynasty. Photo: www.allposters.com

The Drt mourner, the embalmer and the lector priest in front of the w3t. Tomb of Qar in Giza. V-VI Dynasty. Photo: http://www.allposters.com

2)      They three inside the w3t. This Egyptian word meant “way” or just “a part of a place”[4]. Inside the w3t there is:

  • The tools of the Hmt (artisans),
  • The tools of the lector priest.
  • All necessary for the purification of the feeding[5]. It should refer to the final food offerings.
  • The icon shows that in this w3t there is water.

All these four points refers to what the staff needed for the Opening of the Mouth ceremony, as we can see in some tombs of the New Kingdom.

Funerary practice in the mastaba of Qar with lector priest, embalmer and mourner Drt; the scene is closed by two images of an ox. V-VI Dynasty. Giza. Ancient Egypt. Image: W.K. Sympson.

Funerary practice in the mastaba of Qar with lector priest, the embalmer and the mourner Drt; the scene is closed by two images of an ox. V-VI Dynasty. Giza. Image: W.K. Simpson.

3)     They three during the D3t r3 and the slaughter of the ox. We have already seen that this image could be a way of representing the Opening of the Mouth ceremony.

Summing up, the decoration of the north wall in the tomb of Qar could be read from down to top. The artist would have “narrated” the arrival of the funerary procession to the tomb, the resurrection rites practiced on the mummy and for that reason finally at the final top of the wall Qar sits alive in front of his funerary offerings.

Qar sits in front of his funerary offerings. Scene at the top of the north wall. Funerary ceremony below. Ancient egyptian funerals. Tomb of Qar in Giza. V-VI Dynasty. Photo: W. K. Simpson.

Qar sits in front of his funerary offerings. Scene at the top of the north wall. The funerary ceremony is below. Tomb of Qar in Giza. V-VI Dynasty. Photo: W. K. Simpson.

 

[1] Simpson, William K., The Mastabas of Qar and Idu. G 7101 and G 7102.  Vol. 2. Boston. 1976, p. 5

[2] Wb I, 284

[3] Wb I, 284, IV

[4] Wb I, 248, II

[5] This inscription deserves special attention, because it is not too clear. It seems to refer to purification (abu) of the “feeding” (D3t r3).

Leave a comment

Posted in 09. VARIA

Tagged , , , , , , , ,

Aside

Looking at the walls of Egyptian tombs belonging to the Old Kingdom we are aware that artists at that period of the Egyptian history represented funerary ceremony not in such an explicit way as they did later on. The mastaba … Continue reading →

1 Comment

Posted on January 13, 2014

Aside

Shaving the Mourners in Ancient Egypt during the Old Kingdom. We have already seen that there are proves of a practice in Ancient Egyptian funerals of cutting and then offering the hair of the two Drty (”kites”), who made a … Continue reading →

5 Comments

Posted on January 2, 2014

Hair and Death in Ancient Egypt: Bibliography.

Posted on December 5, 2013 | 2 comments

Dear fellows,

following the requirement from some of you I send you here enclosed the biliography.

Scribe. XVIII Dynasty. Detroit Institute of Arts. Photo: www.dia.org

Scribe. XVIII Dynasty. Detroit Institute of Arts. Photo: http://www.dia.org

I hope this can help to some of you, specially students making their research.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alexiou, M., The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition. Cambridge, 1974.

Allam, Sch., “Beiträge zum Hathorkult (bis zum Ende des Mitteleren Reiches”. MÄS 4, 1963.

Allen, T.G., The Book of the Dead or Going forth by Day. Chicago, 1974.

Alliot, “Le culte d’Horus à Edfou au temps des Ptolomees”. BdE XX, 2 vol. Le Caire. 1949-1955.

Altenmüller, H., “Die Texte zum Begräbnisritual in den Pyramiden des Alten Reiches”. ÄA 24, Wiesbaden,1972.

Ammar, H., Growing up in an Egyptian Village. (Silwa, Province of Aswan). London, 1954.

Aries, Ph., L’homme devant la mort. París, 1977.

Assmann, J., “Die Inschrift auf dem äusseren Sarkophagdeckel des Merenptah”. MDAIK, Band 28. 1972, pp. 47-74.

Awadalla, A.; Okasha, S., “Une paroi de la tombe du chancelier royal P3-Nxsy à Héliopolis”. Orientalia 58, fasc. 4, 1989, pp. 493-496.

Aufrère, S., L’Univers minéral dans la pensée égyptienne. BdE 105. Le Caire, 1991.

Aufrére, S., “Le cosmos, le minéral, le végétal et le divin”, Bulletin du Cercle lyonnais d’égyptologie Victor Loret, 7, 1993, pp.7-24.

Ayrout, H.H., Moeurs et coutumes des fellahs. París, 1938.

Barguet, P., Les Textes des Sarcophages du Moyen Empire. Paris, 1986.

Barguet, P., Le Livre des Morts des Anciens Égyptiens. LAPO, Paris, 1967.

Barguet, P., “L’Am-Douat et les funérailles royales”. RdE 24, 1972, pp.7-11.

Barguet, P., “Le Livre des Cavernes et la reconstitution du corps divin”. RdE 28, 1976, pp. 25-37.

Barucq, A. et Daumas, F., Hymnes et prières de l’Égypte ancienne. LAPO, Paris, 1980.

Bell, M. R., “Gurob Tomb 605 and Mycenaean Chronology”. Mélanges Gamal Eddin Mokhtar. IFAO. Le Caire, 1985, pp. 61-86.

Berlev, O.; Bresciani, E.; Caminos, R.A.; et allii, L’homme égyptien. Paris, 1992.

Bernand, E., Inscriptions métriques de l’Égypte gréco-romain, nº 24. (Chénoboskion IIs. Ap. J-C.). París, 1969.

Blackman, W.S., Les fellahs de la Haute-Égypte. París, 1948.

Boak, A.E.R., “The Organisation of Gilds in Graeco-Roman Egypt”. TAPhA, 68, 1937.

Bonneau, D., La crue du Nil, divinité égyptienne à travers mille ans d’histoire. (332 av.- 641 ap. J.-C.) París, 1964.

Bonnet, H., Reallexikon der ágyptischen Religionsgeschichte. Berlín, 1952.

Borghouts, J.F., The Magical Texts of Papyrus Leiden I, 348. OMRO LI, Leiden, 1970.

Bourriau, J., Pharaohs and Mortals. Egyptian Art in the Middle Kingdom. Cambridge, 1988.

Bresciani, E., “Éléments de rituel et d’offrande dans le texte démotique”. Ritual and Sacrifice in the Anciente Near East. OLA 55. Leuven, 1993, pp.45-49.

Briffault, R., Las madres. La mujer desde el matriarcado hasta la sociedadmoderna. Buenos Aires, 1974.

Brunner-Traut, E., Der Tanz im alten Ägypten. Glückstadt. 1938

Brunner-Traut, E., “Die Wochenlaube”. MIO 3, 1955, pp. 11-72.

de Buck, A., The Egyptian Coffin Texts. Vols. I-VII, Chicago, 1935-1961.

de Buck, A., “The earliest version of Book of the Dead 78”. JEA 35. 1949, pp. 87-97.

Budge, E. A. Wallis, The Gods of the Egyptians. 2 vols. New York, 1969.

Budge, E. A. Wallis, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection. New York, 1973.

Casajus, D., La tente dans la solicitude. La société et les morts chez les Tuaregs Kel Ferwan. París, 1987.

Cauville, S., “Chentayt et Merkhetes, des avatars d’Isis et Neftis”. BIFAO 81, 1981, pp. 21-40.

Cervelló Autuori, J., Egipto y África. Orígen de la civilización y la monarquíafaraónicas en su contexto africano. Barcelona, 1996.

Cirlot, J. E., Diccionario de símbolos. Barcelona, 1991.

Chevalier, J. et Gheerbrandt, A., Dictionnaire des symboles. Mythes, rêves, coutumes, gestes, formes, figures, couleurs, nombres, 4 vols., París, 1969.

Clère, J.J., Les Chauves d’Hathor. Leuven, 1995.

Crompton, W.M., “Two clay Balls in the Manchester Museum”. JEA 3, 1916, p. 128.

Daressy, M.G., “Les cercueils des prêtres d’Amon. (Deuxième trouvaille de Deir el-Bahari)”. ASAE VIII. Le Caire, 1907, pp. 3-38.

Daumas, F., “La scène de la résurrection au tombeau de Pétosiris”. BIFAO 59, 1960, pp. 63-80.

Davies- Gardiner, Tomb of Amenemhet. EEF, 1915.

Decker, W., Sport und Spiel im Alten Ägypten. München, 1987.

Degardin, J.C., “Correspondances osiriennes entre les temples d’Opet et de Khonsu”. JNES, vol. 44, nº 2, 1985, pp. 115-131.

Delvaux, L.; Warmenbol, E., Les divins chats d’Égypte. Leuven, 1991.

Derchain, Ph., La lune, mythes et rites. SourOr 5, París, 1962.

Derchain, Ph., “La pêche de l’oeil et les mystères d’Osiris à Dendera”. RdE 15, 1963, pp. 11-25.

Derchain, Ph., Le Papyrus Salt 825 (B.M. 10051). Rituel pour la conservation de la vie en Égypte. Académie Royale de Belgique, Cl. Lettres, Mémoires 58/1a, 1965.

Derchain, Ph., Hathor quadrifons. Istanbul, 1972.

Derchain, Ph., “La perruque et le cristal”. SAK 2, 1975, pp. 55-74.

Derchain-Urtel, M.Th., “Les scènes rituelles des temples d’époque grécoromaine en Égypte et les régles du jeu ‘Domino'”. OLA 55, Leuven, 1993, pp. 99-105.

Derret, J.D.M., “Religious Hair”. MAN 8, 1973, pp. 100-103.

Desroches-Noblecourt, Ch., “Une coutume égyptienne méconue”. BIFAO 45, 1947, pp. 185-232.

Desroches-Noblecourt, Ch., “Concubines du mort et mères de famille au Moyen Empire”. BIFAO 53, 1953, pp. 7-47.

Desroches-Noblecourt, Ch., “Isis Sothis-le chien, la vigne-, et la tradition millénaire”. MIFAO 104, 1980, pp. 15-24.

Desroches-Noblecourt, Ch., La femme au temps des pharaons. Paris, 1986.

Dondelinger, E., El libro sagrado del Antiguo Egipto. Papiro de Ani, BritishMuseum 10470. Traducción del alemán por Adela Rodríguez Vargas y Víctor Martínez Lapera. Madrid, 1988.

Drioton, E., “Le rôle funéraire d’Hathor au Moyen Empire”. BiOr 15, 1958, pp. 188-190.

Dunand, F.; Heim, J.L.; Henein, N.; Lichtenberg, R., La nécrpole de Douch (Oasis de Kharga). DFIFAO 26, 1992.

Durand, G., Las estructuras antropológicas de lo imaginario. Paris, 1979.

Dziobek, E.; Raziq, M.A., Das Grab des Sobekhotep. Theben Nr. 63. Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Abteilung Kairo. Mainz am Rhein. 1990

Dziobek, E., Das Grab des Ineni. Theben Nr. 81. DAIK. 1992.

Edwards, I.E.S., “Something which Herodotus may have seen”. RdE 27, 1975, pp. 117-124.

Eliade, M., Images et symboles. Paris, 1952

Eliade, M., Traité d’histoire des réligions. Paris, 1970.

Enel, Le mystère de la vie et de la mort d’après l’enseignement des temples de l’ancienne Égypte. París, 1985.

Epron, L.; Daumas, F.; Montet, P., Le Tombeau de Ti. Fasc. I. MIFAO LXV,1. 1939.

Erman, A., “Zauberspruche für Mutter und Kind”. APAW. 1901, pp. 1-35.

Erman, A., La réligion des égyptiens. Paris, 1952.

Erman, A. und Grapow, H., Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache. Bände I-V. Berlin, 1982.

Eschweiler, P., Bildzauber im alten Ägypten. OBO, 137

Fakhry, A., “A note on the Tomb of Kheruef at Thebes”. ASAE XLII, 1943, pp. 449-508.

Faulkner, R.O., The Papyrus Bremner-Rhind. (British Museum No. 10188). BiblAeg. III. Bruselas, 1933.

Faulkner, R.O., “The Bremner-Rhind Papyrus-I (A. The Songs of Isis and Nephtys)”. JEA 22, 1936, pp. 121-140.

Faulkner, R.O., “The Lamentations of Isis and Nephtys”. MIFAO 66, 1961, pp.337-348.

Faulkner, R.O., “The Pregnancy of Isis”. JEA 54, 1968, pp.40-44.

Faulkner, R.O., The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. Oxford, 1969.

Faulkner, R.O., “Coffin Texts Spell 313”. JEA 58, 1972, pp.91-94.

Faulkner, R.O., The Egyptian Coffin Texts. 3 vols. 1973-1978.

Faulkner, R.O., The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead. London, 3ª ed., 1990.

Faulkner, R,O, A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian. Oxford, 1962.

Fischer, H.G., “Representations of Dryt-mourners in the Old Kingdom”. Egyptian Studies I. Varia. 1976, pp.39-50.

Fox, M.V., “A Study of Antef”. Orientalia, vol. 46, fasc. 4, 1977, pp.393-423.

Franco, I., Rites et croyances d’éternité. París, 1993.

Frankfort, H., The Cenotaph of Seti I at Abydos. EES. 1993

Frazer, J.G., Adonis, Attis, Osiris. Studies in the History of Oriental Religion. The Golden Bough. Third Edition. London, 1914.

Gaballa, G.A.; Kitchen, K.A., “The Festival of Sokar (Tab. I-II)”. Orientalia, vol. 38, fasc. 1, 1969, pp.1-76.

Gardiner, A.H., Egyptian Hieratic Texts (Anastasi I and Koller). Leipzig, 1911.

Gardiner, A.H. and Peet, T.E., The Inscriptions of Sinai. 2 vols. EES 45th Memoir. London, 1952-1955.

Gardiner, A.H., “A Unique Funerary Liturgy”. JEA 41, 1955, pp.9-17.

Gardiner, A.H., “Hymns to Sobk in a Ramesseum Papyrus”. RdE 11, 1957, pp.43-59.

Gardiner, A.H., Egyptian Grammar. Being an Introduction to the Study ofHieroglyphs. Oxford, third ed., 1988.

de Garis Davies, N., Five Theban Tombs. (Being those ofMentuherkhepeshef, User, Daga, Nehemaway and Tati). Archaelogical Survey of Egypt. London, 1913.

de Garis Davies, N., The Tomb of Antefoker, vizier of Sesostris I, and hisWife, Senet (No. 60). EES. London, 1920.

de Garis Davies, N., The Tomb of Nefer-hotep at Thebes. New York, 1933.

de Garis Davies, N., The Tomb of Rekhmi-re at Thebes. New York, 1973.

Garstang, J., The Third Egyptian Dynasty at Reqâqnah and Bêt Khallâf. Westminster, 1904.

Gayet, E., Musée du Louvre. Stèles de la XII Dynastie. Paris, 1886.

van Gennep, A., Les Rites de Passage. París, 1909.

Goedicke, H., “The Story of the Herdsman”. CdE 90, 1970, pp.244-266.

Goedicke, H., “Nephtys, the Divorcee”. Hathor 2, 1990, pp.39-44.

Goff, B.L., Symbols of Ancient Egypt in the late Period (Twenty-first Dynasty). La Haya, 1979.

Gohary, J., Akhenaten’s Sed-Festival at Karnak. London and New York, 1992.

von Gonzenbach, V., Untersuchungen zu den knabenweihen im Isiskult derrömischen Kaiserzeit. Bonn, 1957. (resumen en AEB, nº 57214, pp.61-62).

Goyon, J.C., “Le cérémonial de glorification d’Osiris du Papyrus du Louvre I 3079 (colonnes 110 à 112)”. BIFAO 65, 1967, pp.89-156.

Goyon, J.C., Rituels funéraires de l’ancienne Égypte. LAPO, Paris, 1972.

Goyon, J.C., “Textes mythologiques II: les révélations du mystère des quatre boules”. BIFAO 75, 1975, pp.349-399.

Grapow, H., Religiöse Urkunde V. Leipzig, 1915.

Griffith, F.Ll.; Thompson, H., The Demotical Magic Papyrus of London andLeiden. Oxford, 1904.

Guglielmi, W., “Lachen und Weinen in Ethik, Kult und Mythos der Ägypter”. CdE. 109, 1980, pp.69-86.

Guilhou, N., “Le masque funéraire”, Égypte, Afrique et Orient, 5, 1997, pp.26-30.

Guilmant, F., Tombeau de Ramses IX. MIFAO XV, Le Caire, 1907.

Guksch, H., Die Gräber des Nacht-Min und des Men-cheper-Ra-seneb. Theben Nr. 87 un 79. DAIK. Mainz am Rhein. 1995.

Gutbub, A., “Un emprunt aux Textes des Pyramides dans l’hymne à Hathor, dame de l’ivresse”. Mélanges Maspero I. MIFAO LXVI. Le Caire, 1961, pp.31-72.

Hallpicke, C.R., “Social Hair”. MAN 4, 1969, pp.256-264.

Hannig, R., Grosses Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch. (2.800- 950 v. Chr.). Mainz, 1995.

Harrassowitz, O., Lexicon der Ägyptologie. Wiesbaden, 1975.

Hassan, F., “Primeval Goddes to Divine King. The Mythogenesis of Power in the Early Egyptian State”. The Followers of Horus. Studies dedicated to M. Allen Hoffman. Oxford, 1992, pp.307-322.

Hassan, S., Excavations at Gizah. The Mastabas of the Sixth Season andtheir Description. Vol. VI, part. III. Cairo, 1934-1935.

Hayes, W.C., The Burial Chamber of the Trasures Sobk-Mose from Er Rizeikat. New York, 1939.

Helck, W., “Nilhöhe und Jubiläumsfest”. ZÄS 93, 1966, pp.74-79.

Helck, W., Die Prophezeiung des Nfrty. Wiesbaden, 1970.

Helck, W., Urkunden der 18. Dynastie. Hefte 20-21. Berlín, 1984.

Hershman, P., “Hair, Sex and Dirt”. MAN 9, 1974, pp.274-298.

Hodel-Hoenes, S., Leben und Tod im Alten Ägypten. Thebanische Privatgräber des Neuen Reiches. Darmstadt, 1991.

Hornung, E.; Staehelin, E., “Studien zum Sedfest”. AH 1, 1974.

Hornung, E., “Das Buch der Anbetung des Re im Westen (Sonnenlitanei)”. AH 2, 1975; 3, 1976.

de Horrack, “Le Livre des Respirations”. BiblÉg XVII, 1907, p.113.

Jansen, W., “Zu den Trauerriten bei der Apisbestattung”. BSEG 18, 1994, pp.33-39.

Jouret, R-M., Thèbes, 1250 av. J-C. Ramsès II et le rêve du pouvoir absolu. Autrement, série Mémoires, nº 2, octobre, 1990.

Junker, H., Die Stundenwachen in den Osirismysterien; nach den Inschriftenvon Dendera, Edu und Philae. Wien, 1910.

Junker, H., Der Auszug der Hathor-Tefnut aus Nubien. Berlin, 1911.

Junker, H., Die Onuris-Legende. Wien, 1917.

Junker, H., Giza. Vols. I-IX. Wien/Leipzig, 1934.

Kaplony, P., Kleine Beiträge zu den Inschriften der Ägyptischen Frühzeit. Wiesbaden, 1966.

Keel, O., Die Weisheit Spielt vor Gott. Freiburg und Gottingen, 1974.

Kees, “Zu den ägyptischen Mondsagen”. ZÄS 60, 1925, pp.1-16.

Kees, Totenglauben und Jenseitsvorstellungen der alten Ägypter. Berlin, 1956.

Kitchen, K.A., Rameside Inscriptions. Historical and Biographical. VI, Oxford, 1969.

el-Kordy, Z., “L’offrande des fards dans les temples ptolemaïques”. ASAE LXVIII. 1982, pp.195-222.

Korostovtsev, M., “Stèle de Ramsès IV”. BIFAO 45. 1947, pp.155-173.

Kristensen, W.B., Life out of Death. Louvain, 1992.

Lacau, P., Sarcophages antérieurs au Nouvel Empire. Cairo CGC. 1903-1904.

Lacau, P., Textes religieux égyptiens. Première partie. Paris, 1910.

Lefebure, E., Les hypogeés royaux de Thèbes. Vol. I, II, III. MMAF. Paris, 1886.

Lefebure, E., “Étude sur Abydos. III. Un dialogue des morts: le chapitre d’amener la barque”. Ouvres Diverses. BiblÉg II, Paris, 1912, pp.287-306.

Lefebure, G., Le tombeau de Petosiris. 3 vols. Le Caire, 1923-1924.

Lefebvre, G., Romans et contes égyptiens de l’époque pharaonique. Paris, 1988.

Lefebvre, G., Grammaire de l’égyptien classique, deuxième ed., IFAO, Le Caire, 1990.

Lepsius, C.R., Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien. Genève, 1972.

Le Quellec, J-L., Symbolisme et art rupestre au Sahara. Paris, 1993.

Lichtheim, M., Ancient Egyptian Literature: a Book of Readings. Vol. I, The Old and the Middle Kingdoms, Berkeley, 1973.

Lichtheim, M., Ancient Egyptian Literature. A Book of Readings. Vol. II, The New Kingdom, Berkeley, 1976.

Lichtheim, M. Ancient Egyptian Literature: a Book of Readings. Vol.III, The Late Period, Berkeley, 1980.

Lods, A., Israël, des origines au milieu du VIII siècle. Paris, 1930.

Lopes, M.H.T., “O mito de Osiris: analise de un mito fundador”. HATHOR 2, 1990, pp.7-16.

López, J., “Mitología y religión egipcias”. Mitología y religión del AntiguoOriente I. Egipto y Mesopotamia. Barcelona, 1993.

Lüddeckens, E., “Untersuchungen über religiösen Gehalt, Sprache und Form der ägyptischen Totenklagen”. MDAIK 11, 1943.

Lurker, M., Götter und Symbole der Alten Ägypter. München, 1974.

Manniche, L., Lost Tombs. A Study of certain Eighteenth DynastyMonuments in the Theban Necropolis. London- New York. 1988.

Mariette, A., Dendérah. Description générale du grand temple de cette ville. Vols. I-IV. Le Caire, 1875.

Mariette, A., Abydos II. Paris, 1880.

Maspero, M., Trois années de fouilles dans les tombeaux de Thèbes et deMemphis. MMAF. Tome I, fasc. 2. Le Caire, 1885.

Maspero, G., “Études de mythologie et d’archéologie égyptiennes”. BiblÉg. I-VI. París, 1893-1912.

Mathieu, B., “Les hommes des larmes. À propos d’un jeu de mots mythique dans les textes de l’ancienne Égypte”. Hommages à François Daumas. Montpellier, 1986, pp.499-509.

Mayassis, S., Le Livre des Morts de l’Égypte Ancienne est un livred’initiation. Athènes, 1955.

Mayassis, S., Mystères et initiations de l’Égypte Ancienne. Athènes. 1957.

Mbiti, J.S., African Religions and Philosophy. Second Edition. 1990.

Meeks, D., “Notes de lexicographie”. RdE 28, 1976, pp.87-96.

Meeks, D., Année Lexicographique, Égypte ancienne. Vols. I-III. Paris, 1977-1979.

Meeks, D., “Dieu masqué, dieu sans tête”. Archéo-Nil 1, 1991, pp.5-15.

Michalowski, K., Arte y civilización de Egipto. Paris, 1969.

Michalowski, K., Karnak. München, 1970.

Montet, P., La necropole royal de Tanis. Tome III (Chéchanq III). París, 1955.

Moret, A., Mystères égyptiens. Paris, 1913.

Moret, A., La mise à mort du dieu en Égypte. Paris, 1927.

Moret, A., “Légende d’Osiris à l’époque thébaine d’après l’hymne à Osiris du Louvre”. BIFAO 30, 1931, pp.725-750.

Mueller, D., “An early Egyptian Guide to the Hereafter”. JEA 58, 1972. pp.99-125.

Münster, M., “Untersuchungen zur Göttin Isis vom Alten Reich bis zum Ende des Neuen Reiches”. MÄS 11, 1968.

Nactergael, G., “Bérénice II, Arsinoé III et l’offrande de la boucle”. CdE LV, 109-110, 1980, pp.240-253.

Naguib, S., Le clergé féminin d’Amon thébain à la 21 Dynastie. OLA 38. Leuven, 1990.

Naguib, S., “Hair in Ancient Egypt”. AcOr (K) 51, 1990, pp.7-26.

Naguib, S., “Miroirs du Passé”. CSEG. Vol. II, Genève, 1993.

Naville, E., La litanie du soleil. Inscriptions recueillies dans les tombeaux desrois à Thèbes. Leipzig, 1875.

Naville, E., The Festival-Hall of Osorkon II in the Great Temple of Bubastis. EEF. London, 1892.

Naville, E., Das Ägyptishe Totenbuch der XVIII bis XX Dynastie. Band I. Text und Vignetten. Wien. 1971.

Neveu, F., La langue des Ramsès. Grammaire du Néo-égyptien. Paris, 1996.

Osing, J., “Isis und Osiris”. MDAIK 30, 1974, pp.91-114.

Osing, J., Das Grab des Nefersecheru in Zawyet Sultan. Mainz am Rhein, 1992.

Otto, E., “An Ancient Egyptian Hunting Ritual”. JNES 9, 1950, pp.164-177.

Otto, E., Das ägyptische Mundöffnungsritual. Wiesbaden, 1960.

Peet, T.E., “A remarkable Burial Custom of the Old Kingdom”. JEA 2, 1915, pp.8-9.

Peet, T.E.; Woolley, C.L., The City of Akhenaten. I. EES. London, 1923.

Petrie, W.M.F., Deshasheh. London, 1898.

Petrie, W.M.F., Abydos. Part I. London, 1902.

Piankoff, A., “Le Livre des Quererts. 1º Tableau”. BIFAO 41. 1942, pp.1-11.

Piankoff, A., “Le Livre des Quererts. Seconde Division”. BIFAO 42, 1944, pp.1-62.

Piankoff, A., “Le Livre des Quererts. Sixième Division (Fin du “Livre des Quererts”)”. BIFAO 43, 1945, pp.1-50.

Piankoff, A., The Litany of Re. ERT. Vol. 4, 1964.

Piankoff, A.; Jacquet-Gordon, H., The Wandering of the Soul. ERT. Vol. 6, 1974.

Porter, B.; Moss, R., Topographical Bibliography of Ancient EgyptianHieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs and Paintings. Vols. I-VII. Oxford, 1960.

Posener, G., “La légende de la tresse d’Hathor”. Egyptological Studies inhonor of R. A. Parker. Hannover-London. 1986, pp.111-117.

Quack, J.F., “Das Pavianshaar und die Taten des Thot”. SAK 23, 1996, pp.305-334.

Radwan, A., “Der Taruergestus als Datierungsmittel”. MDAIK 30, 1974, pp.115-130.

Ransom Williams, C., The Decoration of the tomb of Per-Neb. The Technique and the Color Conventions. New York, 1932.

Ratié, S., “Quelques réflexions sur l’aspect de l’oeil et sur ses transpositions dans l’ancienne Égypte”. Mélanges Gutbub. Montpellier, 1984, pp.177-182.

Roeder, G., Mythen und Legenden um Ägyptische Gottheiten und Pharaonen. Ägyptische Religion II. Zürich, 1960.

Roquet, G., “Chronologie relative des changements phonétiques”. Hommages à Serge Sauneron. BdE 2 Vols. Le Caire, 1979.

Rossi, G., El influjo de la luna en los cultivos. Barcelona, 1990.

Roth, A.M., “The pss-kf and the ‘Opening of the Mouth’ Ceremony: A Ritual of Birth and Rebirth”. JEA 78, 1992, pp.113-147.

Roth, A.M., “Fingers, Stars and the ‘Opening of the Mouth'”. JEA 79, 1993, pp.57-79.

Rowe, A., “Inscriptions on the Model Coffin containing the lock of hair of Queen Tyi”. ASAE XL, 1941, pp.623-627.

Rusch, A., “Ein Osirisritual in den Pyramidentexten”. ZÄS 60, 1925, pp.16-39.

Säve-Söderbergh, T., Four Eighteenth Dynasty Tombs. (Private Tombs at Thebes). Vol. I. Oxford, 1957.

el-Sayed, R., “Mots et expressions évoquant l’idée de lumière”. ASAE LXX, 1987, pp.61-86.

Schäfer, H., “Die Mysterien des Osiris in Abydos unter König Sesostris III”. UGAÄ. Band IV. Hildesheim, 1964.

Schenkel, W., “Die Gräber des P3-tnf-i und eines Unbekanten in der thebanischen Nekropole (Nr. 128 und 129)”. MDAIK 31, 1975, pp.127-158.

Scherz, A.; Scherz, E.R., Taapopi, G., et alii, Hair-styles, head-dresses and ornaments in Namibia and Southern Angola. Namibia, 1981.

Schott, S., Altägyptische Festdaten. Mainz am Rhein, 1950.

Schott, S., Das schöne Fest vom Wüstentale. Wiesbaden, 1952.

Sethe, K., Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte. Bände I-IV. Leipzig, 1910.

Sethe, K., Dramatische Texte zu altägyptischen Mysterienspielen. Leipzig, 1928.

Sethe, K.; Firchow, O., Thebanische Tempelinschriften aus griechisch-römischer Zeit. Urkunden VIII. Berlin, 1957.

Settgast, J., Untersuchungen zu altägyptischen Bestattungsdarstellungen. Glückstadt. 1963.

Sigrid Hoedel, H., Leben und Tod im Alten Ägypten. Stuttgart, 1991.

Simpson, W.K., The Mastabas of Qar and Idu G. 7101 and G. 7102. Boston, 1976.

Smith, W.S., A History of Egyptian Sculpture and Painting in the Old Kingdom. Boston, 1946.

Spielberg, W., “Varia”. ZÄS 53, 1917. pp.91-115.

Stadelmann, R., “Les grandes fêtes de Thèbes”, Thèbes 1250 av.J.C. Ramsès II et le rêve du pouvoir absolu. Autrement; série Mémoires, nº 2, Octobre, 1990, pp.140-153.

Staehelin, E., “Bindung und Entbindung”. ZÄS 96, 1970, pp.125-139.

Staehelin, E., “Zur Hathorsymbolik in der ägyptischen Kleinkunst”. ZÄS 105, 1978, pp.76-84.

Tassie, G.J., “Hair-Offerings: An Enigmatic Egyptian Custom”. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. Vol. 7, 1996, pp.59-67.

Taylor, J.J.; Griffith, F.Ll., The Tomb of Paheri at el-Kab. EEF. London, 1894.

Tefnin, R., Art et magie au temps des pyramides. L’énigme des têtes dites “de remplacement”.  Monumenta Aegyptiaca 5. Bruxelles, 1991.

Thomas, L.V., Anthropologie de la mort. Paris, 1975.

Vandier, J., Manuel d’archéologie égyptienne. Tome IV, París, 1974.

Vandier, J., Le Papyrus Jumilhac. Paris, 1961.

Vercoutter, J., Textes biographiques du Sèrapeum de Memphis. paris, 1962.

Virey, Ph., Le tombeau de Rechmara. MMAF. Tome V, 1891.

Wagner, G., “The Abaluyia of Kavirondo (Kenya)”. African Worlds. Studies in the Cosmological Ideas and Social Values of African Peoples. Oxford, 1954.

Wagner, G.; Barakat, H., Dunand, F., et allii, “Douch- Rapport préliminaire de la campagne de fouille 1982”. ASAE LXX, 1984-1985.

Wainwrigth, G.A., Balabish. EES. London, 1920.

Ward, W. A., “The Biconsonantal Root b3 and Remarks on Bilabial Interchange in Egyptian”. ZÄS 102, 1975, pp.60-67.

Werbrouck, M., Les pleureuses dans l’Égypte Ancienne. Bruxelles, 1938.

Whitney, M.D., “The Ascension Myth in the Pyramid Texts”. JNES  36, nº 3, 1977, pp.161-180.

Wild, H., Le Tombeau de Ti. (La Chapelle). Fasc. II. MIFAO LXV, 23. Le Caire, 1953.

Wild, H., “Les danses sacrées de l’Égypte Ancienne”. Les Danses Sacrées. SourOr 6. París, 1963.

Willems, H., “The Coffin of Heqata (Cairo JdE 36418). A Case Study of Egyptian Funerary Culture of the Early Middle Kingdom”. OLA 70. Leuven, 1996.

Wilson, J.A., “Funeral Services of the Egyptian Old Kingdom”. JNES 3, 1944, pp.201-218.

Wilson, M., Communal Rituals of the Nyakyusa. Oxford, 1959.

Winlock, H.E., The Tomb of Queen Meryet-Amun at Thebes. New York, 1932.

WInter, E.H., “La religion des Ambas”, en: Middleton, J., Anthropologie religieuse. Les dieux et les rites (textes fundamentaux). 1967.

Wycichl, W., “La femme aux cheveux d’or”. Société d’Égyptologie de Genève 1, 1979, p.14.

Yoyotte, J., “Une étude sur l’anthroponyme gréco-égyptienne du nome prosôpite”. BIFAO 55, 1956, pp.125-140.

Zandee, J., “Book of the Dead, Chapter 83”. BiOr X, 1953, pp.109-116.

Classical Authors

Herodoto, Los Nueve Libros de la Historia. Ed. Lumen. Traducción de Mª Rosa Lida. Barcelona, 1981.

Plinio el Viejo, Natural History. Loeb. Classical Library. London, 1969.

Plutarco, De Iside et Osiride. University of Wales Press, 1970.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ÄA, Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, Wiesbaden.
AcOr(K), Acta orientalia, Kopenhagen.
AEB, Annual Egyptological Bibliography, Leiden.
AH, Aegyptiaca Helvetica, Basel-Genf.
APAW, Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.
ASAE, Annales du service des antiquités de l‟Égypte, Cairo.
BdE, Bibliothèque d‟étude, Institut français d‟archéologie orientale, Cairo.
BibliÉg., Bibliothèque égyptologique comprenant les oeuvres des égyptologues français dispersées dans divers recueils et qui nónt pas encore été réunies jusqu‟à ce jour, publiée sous la direction de G. Maspero, Paris.
BCLEVL, Bulletin du Cercle Lyonnais d‟Égyptologie Victor Loret. Lyon.
BIFAO, Bulletin de l‟institut français d‟archéologie orientale, Cairo.
BiOr, Bibliotheca Orientalis, Leiden.
BSEG, Bulletin de la Société d‟égyptologie de Genève, Genf.
CdE, Chronique d‟Égypte, Bruselas.
CGC, Cataloge général des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du caire, Cairo.
CSEG, Cahiers de la Société d‟égyptologie de Genève.
CT, A. De Buck, The Egyptian Coffin Texts, Vols. 1-7, Chicago, 1935-1961.
DAIK, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut. Wiesbaden bzw. Mainz.
DFIFAO, Documents de fouilles de l‟institut français d‟archéologie oriental du Caire, Cairo.
EEF, Egypt Exploration Fund, memoirs, Londres.
EES, Egypt Exploration Society, memoirs, Londres.
ERT, Egyptian Religious Texts and Representations, Nueva York.
IFAO, Institut français d‟archéologie oriental du Caire, Cairo.
JEA, Journal of Egytian Archaeology, Londres.
JNES, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Chicago.
KRI, Kitchen, K. A., Rameside inscriptions. Historical and Biographical. VI, Oxford, 1969.
LÄ, Lexicon der Ägyptologie, Wiesbaden.
LAPO, Littératures anciennes du Proche-Orient. Textes égyptiens, Paris.
LdM, Barguet, P., Le Livre des Morts des Anciens Égyptiens, LAPO 1, París, 1967.
MÄS, Münchener ägyptologische Studien, Berlín- Munich.
MDAIK, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abt. Kairo, Wiesbaden bzw. Mainz.
Mélanges Gutbub, Mélanges Adolphe Gutbub, Montpellier, 1984.
MIFAO, Mémoires publiés par les membres de l‟institut français d‟archéologie orientale du Caire, Cairo.
MIO, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung, Berlín.
MMAF, Mémoires publiés par les membres de la mission archéologique française au Caire, París.
OBO, Orbis biblicus et orientalis, Fribourg/ Göttingen.
OLA, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, Löwen.
OMRO, Oudheidkundige Mededelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden, Leiden.
Pyr., K. Sethe, Die altägyptischen Pyramidentexte, Vols. 1-4, Leipzig, 1908-1922.
RÄRG, H. Bonnet, Reallexikon der ágyptischen Religionsgeschichte, Berlín.
RdE, Revue d‟égyptologie, Cairo bzw. París.
SAK, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, Hamburgo.
SourOr., Sources Orientales, París.
UGAÄ, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und Altertumskunde Ägyptens, Leipzig-Berlín bzw. Hildesheim.
Urk., G. Steindorf, Urkunden des Ägyptischen Altertums, Leipzig bzw. Berlín.
Wb, A. Ermman; H. Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Berlín.
ZÄS, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, Leipzig bzw. Berlín.

 

2 Comments

Posted in 09. VARIA

Tagged , , ,